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  • EN 12569 Industrial Valves Terminology Standard
    EN 12569 Industrial Valves Terminology Standard
    Posted in: Technical Standards Library, European EN Standards

    EN 12569 is the European standard that establishes standardized terminology for industrial valves. The objective of the standard is to provide a common technical language for manufacturers, engineers, inspectors, contractors, suppliers and end users involved in the specification, design, operation and maintenance of industrial valve systems.

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  • EN 12516 Industrial Valve Design Strength Standard
    EN 12516 Industrial Valve Design Strength Standard
    Posted in: Technical Standards Library, European EN Standards

    EN 12516 is the primary European standard governing the strength design of industrial valves. It defines pressure-temperature ratings, wall thickness calculations, allowable stresses and design requirements for valves operating under pressure.

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  • Water Hammer in Steam and Condensate Systems
    Water Hammer in Steam and Condensate Systems
    Posted in: Engineering guides

    Causes, Risk Points and Engineering Countermeasures Water hammer in steam and condensate systems is one of the most severe operating phenomena that can occur in industrial steam installations. It is not simply pipe noise. It is a mechanical impact load that can stress valves, flanges, steam traps, heat exchangers, supports, pipework and control instruments. In practice, most water hammer incidents in steam systems are related to condensate being present where controlled steam flow is...

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  • Steam Dryness Fraction in Steam Distribution Systems
    Steam Dryness Fraction in Steam Distribution Systems
    Posted in: Engineering guides

    Wet Steam, Enthalpy and Steam Separation Steam dryness fraction is used to describe the amount of dry saturated steam contained in a steam-water mixture. In real steam systems, water droplets may be present due to boiler carryover, heat losses in pipework, poor drainage or incorrect pipe sizing. For engineering purposes, steam dryness is not a theoretical parameter. It directly affects available thermal energy, heat transfer, steam trap operation, valve wear and the risk of water hammer.

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  • Flash Steam and Heat Recovery
    Flash Steam and Heat Recovery
    Posted in: Engineering guides

    Flash steam is generated when hot condensate at a higher pressure is released to a lower pressure. This typically occurs downstream of steam traps, pressure reduction points, condensate headers or return systems operating at a lower pressure than the steam-consuming equipment. In terms of thermodynamic properties, flash steam is not different from saturated steam. The term describes the way it is generated: it is not produced in the boiler, but results from pressure reduction of hot...

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  • Valve Materials and Elastomers
    Valve Materials and Elastomers
    Posted in: Engineering guides

    Valve material selection should not be based only on nominal pressure or valve size. Operating pressure, temperature, fluid compatibility, corrosion risk, mechanical loads, connection type, design standards and installation requirements must be evaluated together. The following tables provide indicative material equivalents according to EN, DIN, WNr and ASTM designations, together with typical temperature limits. These limits do not replace pressure-temperature ratings from applicable...

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