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  • Expansion of Pipes in Steam Systems
    Expansion of Pipes in Steam Systems
    Posted in: Engineering guides

    In steam and hot fluid systems, pipe length increases as temperature rises. Thermal expansion must be considered during system design in order to avoid high mechanical stresses, excessive loads on fixed points, pipe deformation and forces transmitted to valves, flanges, steam traps, heat exchangers and other equipment. Proper arrangement of pipe guides, supports, fixed points and expansion joints allows the pipework to move in a controlled manner and absorb the change in length caused by...

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  • Calculating Flash Steam
    Calculating Flash Steam
    Posted in: Engineering guides

    Flash steam is generated when hot condensate at a higher pressure is released to a lower pressure. The pressure reduction lowers the saturation temperature, and part of the heat contained in the condensate is converted into steam. This phenomenon commonly occurs downstream of steam traps, pressure reducing points, condensate return lines and flash vessels. Correct estimation of flash steam quantity is important for sizing condensate lines, flash vessels, vents and energy recovery systems.

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  • Content of Air in Steam Systems
    Content of Air in Steam Systems
    Posted in: Engineering guides

    The presence of air and other non-condensable gases in a steam system affects saturation temperature, heat transfer and equipment operation. Even a small percentage of air can cause a significant reduction in the actual steam temperature at the point of use. Correct air venting, removal of non-condensable gases and proper selection of steam traps and air vents are therefore important factors in the operation of industrial steam systems.

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  • Pressure Drop in Steam Lines
    Pressure Drop in Steam Lines
    Posted in: Engineering guides

    Pressure drop in a steam distribution network directly affects the available pressure at the point of use, as well as the operation of control valves, pressure reducing valves, steam traps and heat exchangers. For preliminary technical checks, pressure drop may be estimated using the steam density, flow velocity and the total resistance coefficient of the pipework and installed components.

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  • Recommended Flow Velocities for Steam, Water and Air Lines
    Recommended Flow Velocities for Steam, Water and Air Lines
    Posted in: Engineering guides

    The following values may be used as an indicative guide for preliminary checks of flow velocities in industrial steam, condensate, feedwater, cooling water and compressed air piping systems. Proper flow velocity selection affects pressure drop, noise, erosion, water hammer risk, condensate transport and the operation of valves, steam traps, pressure reducing valves and control equipment.

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  • Saturated Steam Table
    Saturated Steam Table
    Posted in: Engineering guides

    The following table presents basic thermodynamic properties of saturated steam as a function of absolute pressure. The data may be used as a technical reference for preliminary calculations and equipment selection in steam systems, including steam traps, control valves, pressure reducing valves, safety valves, condensate lines and heat exchange applications.

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